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The fluidization of Geldart B particles commonly falls under the bubbling fluidization category, where the coalescence of bubbles is the dominant phenomenon. If the diameter of bubbles becomes too large, the fluidization quality will deteriorate and lead to significant maldistribution of bed density. In this study, a pronation-grille baffle was introduced into a gas-solid dense phase fluidized bed...
Hydrocracking is an important reaction in petrochemical industries to synthesize the high value low molecular weight hydrocarbons from low valued feedstock and also from waxes which are produced from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Ni was impregnated over the NaOH treated Zeolite ZSM-5, Beta, H-Y and Mordenite. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2-sorption, SEM and TEM, etc. Under the optimized...
Steady state fluorescence spectroscopic technique has been used to investigate the aggregation of coal derived asphaltene (CDA) sourced from Lodna Coke Plant situated at Dhanbad, India. The emission spectra of CDA provide information regarding the various stages of onset of aggregation in carbon tetrachloride medium. Almost similar results have also been inferred from the analysis of corresponding...
The ignition characteristics of isooctane and n-heptane in an ignition quality tester (IQT) were simulated using a two-stage Lagrangian (TSL) model, which is a zero-dimensional (0-D) reactor network method. The TSL model was also used to simulate the ignition delay of n-dodecane and n-heptane in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC), which is archived in the engine combustion network (ECN) library...
This work studied the physicochemical characteristics of exhaust particles from a 1.48LSIDI engine operating at different air–fuel ratios (AFRs). The morphology, fractal dimension, size and nanostructure were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in conjunction with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The results indicate that SIDI aggregate particles produced...
The pressure history in the explosion syngas/air mixtures with H2O addition over a wide range of equivalence ratios at elevated temperatures was recorded to study the explosion characteristics in a constant volume confined vessel. CO mole fractions in syngas are from 0.5 to 0.95, initial temperatures are from 373K to 473K, and H2O addition ratios are from 0 to 30%. The explosion parameters such as...
Superfine pulverized coal as a new energy utilization method plays a significant role in alleviating pollutant emissions. It is of great interest to study the physicochemical properties of superfine pulverized coal. Pore structures acting as the channel of heat and mass transfer change with temperatures, coal ranks and pyrolysis atmospheres, etc. The investigation of the pore structure evolution during...
The emulsification of water in vegetable oils is one of the most promising techniques reported in order to reach an engine-friendly fuel with proper physicochemical properties, allowing improvements in the atomization process and exhaust emissions. For this reason, the scope of this investigation is to formulate and characterize emulsified fuels using different continuous phases, as well as to analyze...
Pyrolysis of scrap tires has been pointed out as an alternative to the incorrect disposal of tire wastes. Pyrolysis processes can produce tire-derived oils that may be used as fuel or added to conventional fuels, producing fuel blends with improved properties and reduced cost. The pyrolysis process can contribute to remove tire residues of inadequate sites and it can be a sustainable process to produce...
The pyrolysis mechanism of Zhundong sub-bituminous coal (ZD) was investigated by tube furnace, gas chromatography and GC/MS. Coal samples were pyrolyzed in a tube furnace at any of six temperatures (from 500 to 1000°C in 100°C increments) and the pyrolysis products were analyzed. The volatile release characteristics were investigated by gas chromatography and the tars generated during pyrolysis were...
We investigate effects of post injection strategies on regular exhaust emissions and soot particulate matters on in-cylinder emission control. A trade-off relation indicates that CO and THC emissions increase as post injection timing delays, but NOx emission significantly decreases when crank angle intervals increase because of cylinder volume expansion and heat transfer. In PM emission, total particle...
Sized samples of anthracite were obtained from three preparation plants (breakers), several beneficiating multiple coals, in the Pennsylvania Anthracite Fields. Vitrinite reflectance spans 5.07% Rmax (anthracite, approaching meta-anthracite) in the east to 2.36% Rmax (semi-anthracite) in the west. Maceral distributions do not show the size partitioning observed in many bituminous coals. All sites...
Identifying an economic alternative to nickel oxide that is non-toxic, and stable over thousands of cycles continues to drive chemical-looping process development. Mineral ores meet many of these criteria and ilmenite is prominent among the ores tested to date. However, pyrolusite, a manganese oxide containing more than 85% amorphous MnO2 in its fresh form, can transfer more than 3 times oxygen compared...
The effects of split pilot fuel injection on engine performance and PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End Gas Region (PREMIER) combustion characteristics were investigated in a single-cylinder dual-fuel natural gas engine ignited with diesel fuel. In particular, the effect of second spray timing on combustion mode was examined. PREMIER combustion was observed in a wider range of operating conditions...
A new stabilization concept for coke water slurries based on the capillary suspension phenomenon (Koos and Willenbacher, 2011) is presented. Adding a small amount of an immiscible, secondary fluid to the slurry results in the formation of a sample-spanning particle network controlled by capillary forces. This is accompanied by a strong increase in low shear viscosity controlling sedimentation, whereas...
The effects of cycloparaffin and aromatic hydrocarbons when blended with soap-derived biokerosene (SBK) and normal paraffins (n-paraffins) on the sooting tendency and the freezing point are quantified to determine a method for improving the properties of SBK and n-paraffin fuels. In this study, SBK was derived from the saponification and dercarboxylation of coconut oil, and consists predominantly...
The effect of extractable organic matter and solid organic matter on the pore structure of shale from Yangchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China is investigated in this study. The shale samples were successively crushed, extracted by dichloromethane to remove extractable organic matter, treated by hydrogen peroxide to remove solid organic matter. The porosity, organic and mineralogical characteristic...
An experimental and numerical study was performed on laminar flame speeds of styrene and ethylbenzene at the equivalence ratios of 0.8–1.5, initial temperatures of 358K, 398K and 450K and atmospheric pressure in a heated cylindrical constant volume chamber with volume of 5.58L. The experimental results revealed that styrene has the faster laminar flame speeds and the larger Markstein lengths than...
Simulations of coal combustors and gasifiers generally cannot incorporate the complexities of advanced pyrolysis models, and hence there is interest in evaluating simpler models over ranges of temperature and heating rate that are applicable to the furnace of interest. In this paper, six different simple model forms are compared to predictions made by the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD)...
Given the low price and abundance of alkali lignin from pulp and paper industry, the conversion of alkali lignin into valuable chemicals has been of great significance to address the world energy crisis. In principle, this process has long relied on the design of a functionalized catalyst to enable high reactivity and selectivity. Herein, we present a systematic study on the hydrogenation liquefaction...
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